Special advisers ('spads') are popularly seen as malign figures; 'people who live in the dark'. The focus remains on well-publicised controversies, on a single role ('spin') and on a tiny number of special advisers (likeÌýAlastair Campbell, Andy Coulson or Dominic Cummings). But, in fact ,we know very little about special advisers: who they are and what they do has not been properly documented.
So to provide a stronger evidence base about the role and impact of special advisers, this project, which ran from 2012 to 2014,Ìýasked: who are special advisers; how are they appointed; what do they do; and how can their role and effectiveness be improved? To answer these questions we constructed a database of all special advisers then appointed, and conducted semi-structured interviews with special advisers, their ministers and civil servants.
We intended to move the policy debate on from a negative attitude to accepting the presence of special advisers in government and discussing how to improve their effectiveness. Special advisers exist for a reason: ministers need them. Ministers can feel overwhelmed by the civil service and the information overload. That is why, in spite of calls for a cap, the number of special advisers has continued to rise: from 70 under Tony Blair to just over 100 under Boris Johnson.
The project looked at the work of special advisers under three different governments: the Conservative governments between 1979 and 1997,Ìýthe Labour governments between 1997 and 2010Ìýand the coalition government between 2010 and 2015. We found that special advisers needed better induction and trainingÌýand far more support and supervision once in post, in order to improve their effectiveness. To help with this we produced a Handbook for Special AdvisersÌýand a book which reported our main findings and conclusions. For other resource materials, articles, database and research notes, see below.
The project team consisted ofÌýRobert Hazell,ÌýBen Yong,ÌýPeter Waller,ÌýDavid Laughrin,ÌýBrian Walker,ÌýHilary JacksonÌýand a research assistant, Max Goplerud. This project was funded by theÌý.
- Outputs
5 January 2015
During our research on special advisers, one heartfelt plea was for better induction and training materials. Therefore,Ìýthe latest product of our special advisers project is a package of online resource materials for special advisers. This includes a handbook for special advisers and .
19 September 2014
This searchable database contains a list of all special advisers working in Whitehall between 1979 and 2013. The data comes from Hansard, Cabinet Office data releases, and key periodicals. It is searchable by special adviser, minister, department, date and premier.
8 August 2014
µþ´Ç´Ç°ì:Ìý.
February 2014
The Constitution Unit produced a Handbook, Being a Special Adviser, which is an invaluable guide for Special Advisers on how to operate.
17 December 2013
Max Goplerud's article .31 May 2013
Daniella Lock 'Research Note: Special Advisers and Public Allegations of Misconduct 1997- 2013'.
30 January 2013
Matthew HoneymanÌý'Research Note: Former Special Advisers in Cabinet, 1979-2013'.
29 May 2012
Robert Hazell, Ben Yong, Peter Waller and Brian Walker 'Constitution Unit submission to the Public Administration Select Committee inquiry on special advisers'.
- Resources
Special Adviser Online Resources
The latest product of our Special Advisers project is a package of online resource materials for Special Adviser. During our research on Special Advisers, one heartfelt plea was for better induction and training materials. This cache of resource material aims to help meet that demand.This searchable database contains a list of all special advisers working in Whitehall between 1979 and 2013. The data comes from Hansard, Cabinet Office data releases, and key periodicals. It is searchable by special adviser, minister, department, date and premier.
Constitution Unit Handbook:ÌýBeing a Special Adviser
The Constitution Unit has produced a Handbook,ÌýBeing a Special Adviser,Ìýwhich is an invaluable guide for Special Advisers on how to operate.Ìý
This report by Nick Hillman attempts to explain the job of a departmental special adviserÌý
The official site of the Cabinet Office. Lists of spads are published here.
The report of the most recent inquiry into the work of special advisers.
Covers the role of spads in the British political system.
Link to the IfG's research into the role of special advisers.Blogs and online articles on or by special advisors
'Being a special adviser under the coalition'ÌýTotal PoliticsÌý(8 May 2012)
'Farewell to my life as Jack Straw's special adviser'Ìý³Ò³Ü²¹°ù»å¾±²¹²ÔÌý(18 May 2010)
'The rise and fall of the spin doctor' Personal blog (23 April 2009)
Spads-u-like? Why British politics needs its special advisers'Ìý³Ò³Ü²¹°ù»å¾±²¹²ÔÌý(20 September 2011)- Book launch
- News
- VIDEO: Special Advisers: Who they are, what they do and why they matterÌý
- PRESS RELEASE: Special Advisers: Who they are, what they do and why they matter by Ben Yong and Robert HazellÌýÌý
- Pre-order a copy of the new book 'Special Advisers: Who they are, what they do and why they matter' by Robert Hazell and Ben Yong (August 2014)
- Press release: Special Advisers need better support and supervision, says new study from Constitution Unit (June 2014)
- In the Thick of It: What do Special Advisers do - and does it make government better or worse?Ìý(Nov 2011)
- Press release: Project launch: the role of special advisorsÌý(May 2011)
- Interim report leads to Nick Clegg appointing new SpadsÌý(Oct 2011)
- Are Westminster & Whitehall coping with the Coalition?ÌýMichael White in the Guardian (Jun 2011)
- BBC Politics Show highlights Unit research on coalition government(May 2011)
- Spads on the blog