香港六合彩

The study, published in the Journal of Public Economics, compares the socio-emotional skills of two cohorts of children born in England 30 years apart, and shows for the first time that inequality in these early skills has increased.

Researchers from 香港六合彩 Economics analysed data from 9,545 people born in 1970 from the British Cohort Study (BCS) and 5,572 people born in 2000-2002 from the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS). The data was collected at the 香港六合彩 Centre for Longitudinal Studies, part of 香港六合彩 Institute of Education.

Associate Professor Gabriella Conti (香港六合彩 Economics, 香港六合彩 Centre for Longitudinal Studies and IFS), corresponding author on the study said: 鈥淲e found that inequality in socio-emotional skills at five years of age was lower among children born in the 1970s than among those born in the 2000s. For example, the difference between children of more and less educated mothers, or of mothers who smoked during pregnancy and those who didn鈥檛, was greater among those born in the 2000s compared to those born in the 1970s.鈥�

The researchers also show that these socio-emotional skills measured at age five, an earlier age than in most of the existing literature, are significant predictors of unhealthy behaviours later in life, such as smoking or having a higher BMI.

Socio-emotional skills are defined as 鈥榠nternalising鈥� and 鈥榚xternalising鈥� skills, the former relating to the child鈥檚 ability to focus their drive and determination and the latter relating to interpersonal skills. A child with high externalising skills exhibits less restless and hyperactive behaviour, and has less anti-social conduct, while a child with better internalising skills is less solitary, neurotic, and worried.

Professor Conti added: 鈥淥ur findings highlight the role of inequalities in the early years for the process of individual development and health outcomes across someone鈥檚 life. 听For example, we find that children with better externalising skills are less likely to smoke in adolescence. Showing that these early skills are predictive of different outcomes later provides a key rationale for the role of early intervention in reducing life course inequalities.鈥�

The research shows that the gap in the socio-emotional skills of children between the 90^th percentile and the 10^th percentile has increased substantially in thirty years; the increase is particularly pronounced for boys, for whom the gap has increased by 19% for externalising skills and by 30% for internalising skills.

While maternal education and behaviour is an important determinant of children socioemotional skills in both cohorts, the benefit of having a mother with higher levels of education and are in employment is significantly larger for both boys and girls in the most recent cohort. The inequality has also increased between children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy and those who didn鈥檛.

The researchers suggest that significant societal changes account for the increases inequality. The average age of women having children has increased by approximately three years from 26 to 29 years old, the proportion of women in employment has increased from 42% to 62%, and the proportion of unmarried mothers has increased dramatically, from 5% in the BCS to 36% in the MCS.

Co-author on the study, Professor Orazio Attanasio (Yale University and IFS, formerly 香港六合彩 Economics) commented: 鈥淒ifferent听factors explain the rise in inequality of children鈥檚 socio-emotional skills. For example,听mothers听are having children at an older age, when they are more engaged in the labour听market which we find matters for socio-emotional skills. But mothers are also more听likely to be unmarried at birth, which might be associated听with a more stressful lifestyle. Changes in these factors explain about half of the cross-cohort increase in inequality when it comes听to a child鈥檚 externalising听skills.鈥�

Co-author on the study, Professor Richard Blundell (香港六合彩 Economics and IFS), said: 鈥淭he methodology that we apply in this paper is likely to be relevant in many other settings, for example when measuring trends in inequality in other dimensions (such as satisfaction, mental health or well-being) whose measurement might have changed over time.

鈥淭he ultimate goal of such research would be to uncover how much inequalities in early human development contribute to income, wealth and health inequalities later in life. The present paper constitutes a first step towards such an endeavour.鈥�

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Links

• Professor Richard Blundell鈥檚 academic profile
• 香港六合彩 Economics

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